| In this section: Data Analysis and Assumptions Data Sources Equivalent Units and Conversion Factors |
Data Analysis and Assumptions
End-Use Energy Consumption
All end-use energy consumption data are directly from Energy Information Administration sources (EIA). EIA petroleum end-use energy consumption data are modified for use in the Energy Use Profile to exclude non-energy uses of petroleum. These uses include asphalt and road oil, lubricants and other petroleum products (petroleum feedstocks for products such as paint).
Energy Expenditures
All end-use energy expenditure data are directly from EIA sources. EIA petroleum end-use energy expenditure data are modified for use in the Energy Use Profile to exclude non-energy uses of petroleum. These uses include asphalt and road oil, lubricants and other petroleum products (petroleum feedstocks for products such as paint).
Energy Prices
Energy prices are calculated by dividing end-use energy expenditures by end-use energy consumption. Energy end-use consumption and expenditure data are from EIA with non-energy uses of petroleum excluded as noted above.
Primary Energy Consumption
Primary energy consumption includes the energy consumed to produce electricity as well as that consumed by end-users. Primary energy consumption data are from the EIA. The Energy Use Profile uses a different energy conversion factor than EIA for determining the primary energy consumption at a hydroelectric plant. EIA treats hydroelectric plants like other fossil fuel generation plants in converting electricity output to fuel input. The conversion factor for these plants is approximately 33 percent (33 percent of the fuel input is converted to electricity). The Energy Use Profile uses a conversion factor of 100 percent for a hydroelectric plant. This avoids implying large energy losses at a hydroelectric plant (as the EIA conversion factor does) that do not exist. This results in Profile estimates of primary energy consumption for Washington that are significantly lower than EIA because the state has a large supply of electricity from hydroelectric plants.
Price Deflators
A price deflator for personal consumption was used to convert all expenditure and cost data to constant 1993 dollars. The price deflator was from the Washington Economic and Revenue Forecast.
Residential Sector Indices
The indices for the residential sector use residential households as the denominator. All household data are from the U.S. Bureau of the Census. Values for 1971 and 1979 were not available. The households for these years were interpolated from the surrounding years data and the trends in residential electric customers for those years. Energy consumption and expenditures for the residential sector are taken directly from EIA.
Commercial Sector Indices
The indices for the commercial sector use commercial employees as the denominator. Data on employment in Washington are from the U.S. Department of Commerce. Commercial employees (non-manufacturing employees) include wholesale and retail trade, financial, real estate and other services, and government employment. It does not include agriculture, forestry, fishing, mining, manufacturing, construction, or transportation. Energy consumption and expenditures for the commercial sector are taken directly from EIA.
Industrial Sector Indices
The indices for the industrial sector use industrial gross dollars of product as the denominator. Data on gross dollars of product are from the U.S. Department of Commerce. The manufacturing gross dollars of product includes agriculture, forestry, fishing, mining, manufacturing, and construction. Data were not available for 1993 or for 1970 to 1976. Manufacturing gross dollars of product were estimated for these years based on the trends in manufacturing employment for these years. Trends in manufacturing gross dollars of product and employment were very similar for the years when both data sources were available. Energy consumption and expenditures for the industrial sector are taken directly from EIA.
Transportation Sector Indices
The transportation sector indices use highway energy consumption and expenditures. Highway energy consumption and expenditures include all gasoline and diesel used in the transportation sector. This necessarily includes small amounts of diesel used by trains and ferries. It does not include alternative vehicle fuels such as natural gas or electricity. Highway consumption and expenditures are used to be as consistent as possible with the other component of the indices, which is vehicle miles traveled. This includes only vehicle travel on roads.
Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Greenhouse gas emissions are calculated using emission factors from the U.S. Department of Energy. Primary energy consumption for each fuel in Washington State is multiplied by the emission factor for that fuel to determine carbon dioxide emissions. Carbon dioxide is the major greenhouse gas produced during the combustion of energy fuels. Note that this calculation does not include the greenhouse gas emissions from power plants outside the state for electric utilities that serve customers inside Washington. It does include the emissions from power plants inside the state that produce electricity for utilities that serve customers outside Washington. Given that the electric grid throughout the Western United States is interconnected and greenhouse gases are a global phenomenon, it is difficult to look at greenhouse gases for a particular state.
Energy and the Economy Indicator
Washington State gross product was used for the energy and the economy indicator. These data are from the U.S. Department of Commerce. Data were not available for 1993 or for 1970 to 1976. Washington State gross state product was estimated for these years based on the trends in U.S. gross domestic product for these years. Trends in gross state product and gross domestic product were very similar for the years when both data sources were available.
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Data Sources
Energy Consumption and Expenditure Data
State Energy Data System 1993
Energy Information Administration
U. S. Department of Energy
Wood Energy Consumption Data
Washington State Energy Office Estimates
Economic and Demographic Data
Gross State Product and employment data
Regional Economic Information System, 1969-1993
U. S. Department of Commerce
Economic and Statistics Administration
Bureau of Economic Analysis
Regional Economic Measurement Division
Implicit Price Deflator for Personal Consumption
Washington Economic and Revenue Forecast. Office of the Forecast Council. June 1995.
v XVIII, No. 2. Appendix Table 4.1, p. 135.
Households and State population
Bureau of the Census
Demographics and Population Division
U. S. Department of Commerce
Carbon Dioxide Emission Factors
Sector-Specific Issues and Reporting Methodologies Support the General Guidelines for the Voluntary Reporting of Greenhouse Gases under Section 1605(b) of the Energy Policy Act of 1992. Volume 1, Appendix B. United States Department of Energy. October 1984.
Vehicle Miles Traveled
Washington State Department of Transportation. Key Facts: A Summary of Useful Transportation Information.
Conversion Factors
American Gas Association. Gas Facts, A Statistical Record of the Gas Utility Industry. Published annually.
U.S. Department of Energy. Annual Energy Review. DOE/EIA-0384. Published annually.
U.S. Department of Energy. State Energy Data Report, Consumption Estimates. EIA-0214(93). July 1995.
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Equivalent Units and Conversion Factors
Equivalent Units
Industry often uses B for billion, mm for million and M for thousand. The Energy Use Profile uses the following symbols:
| k (kilo) | = thousand | = 10**3 | 1 therm | = 100,000 Btu | |
| M (mega) | = million | = 10**6 | 1 short ton | = 2,000 pounds | |
| G (giga) | = billion | = 10**9 | 1 metric ton | = 103kg = 2,204.62 pounds | |
| T (tera) | = trillion | = 10**12 | 1 dry ton | = 2,000 pounds dried material | |
| 106 Btu | = 1 Mbtu | = 1,000 kBtu | 1 barrel | = 42 gallons | |
| 109 Btu | = 1 Gbtu | = 1,000 Mbtu |
Conversion Factors
Energy conversion factors are fairly consistent over time; however, they may differ slightly due to changes in the average quality of fuels.
Petroleum
Mbtu per barrel and kBtu per gallon
| Product | MBtu/Barrel | kBtu/Gallon |
| Aviation gas | 5.048 | 120.19 |
| Butane | 4.326 | 103.00 |
| Distillate fuel oil (diesel) | 5.825 | 138.69 |
| Kerosene-type jet fuel | 5.670 | 135.00 |
| Naptha-type jet fuel | 5.355 | 127.50 |
| Kerosene | 5.670 | 135.00 |
| Motor gasoline | 5.253 | 125.05 |
| Propane( LPG) | 3.836 | 91.33 |
| Residual oil | 6.287 | 149.69 |
| Methanol | 2.839 | 67.60 |
| Ethanol | 3.545 | 84.40 |
Natural Gas
1000 Btu per cubic foot (CF)
| Washington | United States | |||
| Non-Electric Utility | Electric Utility | Non-Electric Utility | Electric Utility | |
| 1970 | 1.055 | NA | 1.025 | 1.029 |
| 1971 | 1.055 | NA | 1.026 | 1.029 |
| 1972 | 1.055 | NA | 1.026 | 1.027 |
| 1973 | 1.051 | NA | 1.025 | 1.021 |
| 1974 | 1.047 | NA | 1.025 | 1.020 |
| 1975 | 1.042 | NA | 1.022 | 1.023 |
| 1076 | 1.041 | NA | 1.021 | 1.023 |
| 1977 | 1.045 | NA | 1.022 | 1.028 |
| 1978 | 1.048 | 1.030 | 1.020 | 1.033 |
| 1979 | 1.047 | 1.030 | 1.020 | 1.033 |
| 1980 | 1.052 | 1.030 | 1.024 | 1.033 |
| 1981 | 1.050 | 1.031 | 1.026 | 1.033 |
| 1982 | 1.053 | 1.033 | 1.027 | 1.034 |
| 1983 | 1.043 | 1.033 | 1.031 | 1.028 |
| 1984 | 1.045 | 1.033 | 1.030 | 1.033 |
| 1985 | 1.040 | 1.033 | 1.032 | 1.037 |
| 1986 | 1.029 | 1.033 | 1.030 | 1.033 |
| 1987 | 1.033 | 1.033 | 1.031 | 1.032 |
| 1988 | 1.026 | 1.033 | 1.030 | 1.027 |
| 1989 | 1.032 | 1.033 | 1.032 | 1.027 |
| 1990 | 1.030 | 1.033 | 1.031 | 1.027 |
| 1991 | 1.031 | 1.050 | 1.031 | 1.023 |
| 1992 | 1.032 | 1.050 | 1.032 | 1.023 |
| 1993 | 1.037 | 1.050 | 1.029 | 1.023 |
Electricity
1 kWh (kilowatt-hour) = 3,412 Btu (consumed)
1 Mwh (megawatt-hour) = 103 kWh
1 Gwh (gigawatt-hour) = 103 MWh = 106 kWh
1 kWa = 1 average kilowatt = 8,760 kWh (annualized)
1 MWa = 1 average megawatt = 8,760 MWh (annualized)
Coal
U.S. average: 1 short ton = 21.4 MBtu
Utah coal: 1 short ton = 22.6 MBtu
Centralia coal: 1 short ton = 16.0 Mbtu
Wood
1 dry ton = 17.2 Mbtu
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